Knowledge management

本論文的研究目的為分析水產研究人員的隱性知識在學術傳播的分享方式，探討水產研究人員隱性知識分享的現況，並綜合研究發現，提供水產專門研究之圖書館提供服務的方向。本研究以質性研究為取向，主要採取深度訪談法，輔以參與觀察和相關文獻資料來進行資料蒐集，研究對象為水產試驗所研究人員，於民國九十四年八月至十月間採取立意的配額取樣，針對十六位研究人員進行深度訪談，其後將資料予以歸納分析、編碼與詮釋，最後作結果呈現。研究結果顯示，水產研究人員的隱性知識是屬於專業實踐的現場知識；分享的方法是直接的溝通方式；隱性知識轉移的重要性因為層級與認知不同而有差異。研究建議，成立隱性知識分享小組，並進一步提昇圖書館成為知識中心。

This study is a quantitative research to explore researchers' tacit knowledge sharing behaviors of the Fisheries Research Institute in Taiwan. The goal is to enhance library's services to fisheries researchers through this understanding. The study has depth interviewed 16 researchers from different departments of the Institute. In addition, their relevant work documents such as laboratory diaries and project notes are also reviewed.
The study shows that researchers€' tacit knowledge is the knowledge of professional practice. Their sharing method mainly is direct communication through conference, meeting, and laboratory diaries and notes. The study found that the Institute lacks a systematic mechanism to display researchers€' tacit knowledge. The importance of the transfer of tacit knowledge is not firmly recognized. Thus, the study suggests that creating specified groups and establishing environment for sharing tacit knowledge in the Institute are needed. Also, the Institute could enhance library€ functions to become a fisheries knowledge management center in Taiwan.

以知識作為資本來發展經濟的時代裡，延伸資訊管理為知識管理並且把知識轉換為生產力的機制，是學術圖書館的專業職責。學術圖書館服務行銷理念的實踐應由內而外，圖書館管理者與館員對學術圖書館的核心價值與願景(促進館務，整合資源，與服務社會等)先建立共識。學術圖書館要做好服務的行銷，前提是先做好質與量的圖書館管理，且由上而下，明確任務，先行規劃，制定策略。學術圖書館資訊服務行銷組合運作前，應先研究及瞭解資訊消費者與資訊市場產銷狀況，亦即先做市場研究、消費者研究、與服務環境的研究，以便為學術圖書館資訊消費者提供適時、適地、適當，且符合經濟效益的資訊服務。學術圖書館資訊服務應「以客為尊」，著重於資訊消費者的個人化及個別化要求，資訊服務的實施更應有團隊精神以落實服務行銷理念。

In an era of knowledge economy, the major task for academic library is to transfer knowledge management and expand information management. Academic libraries should consider promoting library services, integrating resources as well as providing services for the society as their core-value and vision. To achieve this, the author suggests that a well-planned library management based on the findings from their market research and consumer research is essential. Thus, while the marketing of the library services is executed by a top-down approach, a team effort, the service offered by the academic library should be individualized information needs.

本文試圖探討知識管理的幾個關鍵問題：知識管理的目的、對象、範圍與流程。從一個圖書資訊學的角度，反思筆者與企業界接觸的經驗及文獻上的探討，比較對照圖書資訊學界與企業界的焦點之異同，並希望藉由本文釐清不同論說者，在知識管理的對話中，可能指涉不同的概念與層次。同時，本文試圖提供一個思考架構，在規劃知識管理，或評估相關科技產品時能有所依憑。

This paper explores some critical issues in knowledge management, including the purposes of knowledge management, the subjects to be managed, the scope to be covered, the type of knowledge to be managed and what stage in the flow of knowledge management is intended. This paper compares and contrasts the different emphases between the library and information science perspective and practices in the business world, and suggests a conceptual frame work for companies engaged in knowledge management.

追溯館藏發展歷史的軌跡，美國圖書館的館藏發展橫跨1950年到 1985年，圖書館館藏在資金充裕、高度需求與資源豐厚的情況下發展順利。其後受到經費短缺與資訊爆炸的壓力下取而代之的觀念為館藏管理，2000年受到資訊科技發展、高等教育改革與學術傳播改變等影響，館藏發展館員面對世紀的改變，必須發展新思維來面對未來挑戰，知識管理於是融入成為新的訴求。本文由過去發展演進探討「館藏發展」與「館藏管理」，並對新思維「知識管理」勾勒未來館藏發展館員的挑戰。

According to the history of collection development in the United States, American libraries advocated the notion of collection development from 1950 to 1985 because of the abundant resources. With the shortage of budget and increase of information, the concept of collection management is substituted by the collection development. Due to the changes of information technology, higher education, and scholarly communication, librarians have to generate new ideas to meet the new challenges ahead. This article examines the collection development and management from a historical perspective and at the same time tackles the concept of knowledge management as the future trend in this field.

知識管理是新世紀的主要議題，知識工作者則是主導了知識經濟的發展。圖書館身為提供資訊與知識的供應者，亦開始接受知識管理概念，並利用知識管理系統，來為使用者提供更好的服務。本文首先釐清知識、知識管理的概念，並討論何謂知識管理系統，分別探討其定義及應具備的功能；最後舉美國Rutgers大學圖書館之知識管理系統CKDB為例，說明知識管理系統於學術圖書館運作的現況。

Knowledge management is an important issue in this new century and knowledge worker plays a leading role in the development of knowledge economy. Library, the provider of information and knowledge, uses the concept of knowledge management and knowledge management system in order to offer better services for its users. This article first defines the terms of knowledge, knowledge management, and knowledge management system (KMS) and then introduces the KMS and CKDB systems in Rutgers University as an example to illustrate the operation of KMS in academic libraries.

企業利用土地勞力創造利潤的神話，今日已不復存在，取而代之的，是更富價值的資訊智產。企業圖書館由是在此種迫切的需求下應運而生，而企業圖書館員本身所獨具之核心能力，無疑是帶令企業安然渡過下一波知識經濟狂潮的絕佳優勢。本研究以天下雜誌大企業為研究對象，兼採問卷調查法與個案訪談法，針對已設置企業圖書館或資料中心負責人進行問卷調查，藉此了解企業圖書館員之核心能力，並探究目前國內企業知識管理之實施進程，與企業圖書館涉入知識經濟管理之概況。個案訪談的結果除佐證上述研究發現外，特別強調圖書資訊學專業背景是勝任企業圖書館負責人不可或缺的專業能力，最後根據研究結果提出幾點建議，以作為未來國內培訓企業圖書館人才，與企業圖書館經營發展方面向之參考。

The mythology that enterprises make profits by land and labor no longer exists. The more valuable “ information intellectual capital” has taken its place. Responding to the calls, the corporate library has emerged. The core competences that the corporate librarians possess will undoubtedly shape up predominance that directs enterprises to peacefully ride out the knowledge economy storm. This thesis targets the employers of the top five hundred domestic enterprises in which the corporate librarians or information center has already been set up. Questionnaires and interviews had jointly been applied to comprehend the core competences possessed by corporate librarians and to make a thorough inquiry into the progress that domestic enterprises have made for knowledge management and how much the corporate library is engaged in knowledge management. In addition to supporting the results of the questionnaires, the interviews also emphasize that the leaders of corporate libraries require library information science background, a crucial factor in managing the corporate library. In conclusion, a few suggestions are proposed as reference for training future corporate librarians and managing corporate libraries.

二十一世紀是知識經濟時代，知識已成為組織機構中最重要的資源，即使大學這種非營利組織也開始關注知識管理的相關議題。圖書館是人類知識的寶庫，而大學圖書館更是大學的心臟，其在所屬大學導入知識管理相關活動時，應可扮演舉足輕重的角色。本研究採用文獻分析與問卷調查法，調查臺灣的大學圖書館進行知識管理相關活動之現狀與態度，研究者普查臺灣175所大專校院圖書館，回收有效問卷168份，回收率為96%。研究結果呈現從學校與圖書館的角度，受調圖書館對內部/外部/顯性/隱性知識之管理、知識交流、隱性知識顯性化等層面現在的表現與未來的規劃；此外，亦排序了圖書館主管認為在推動知識管理相關活動時之困難與阻礙因素。本研究期望使大學了解大學圖書館在知識經濟時代擔任全校知識管理中心之可能性，並使大學圖書館主管與館員了解其可能扮演的新角色。

The twenty-first century is the era of knowledge economy; knowledge is more important than ever for any organization. Universities are also beginning to pay attention to knowledge management. The library is the treasure of human knowledge, and a university library is the heart of the university. When the university implements knowledge-management related activities, the university library should play a decisive role. This study utilizes the methodologies of literature review and questionnaires to survey the current status and attitudes of implementing knowledge-management related activities in Taiwan’s academic libraries. The author sent out 175 questionnaires and there were 168 effective ones replied (the return rate is about 96%). The findings were presented from the university’s and library’s viewpoints, showing the current performance and future planning of the management of internal / external/ explicit / tacit knowledge, knowledge interchange, and the transformation of explicit to implicit knowledge. In addition, the difficulties and obstacles of implementing KM are also identified. The author anticipates the research results will help people realize the possibility of permitting the university library perform as a knowledge-management center, and help the library director and librarians of the university library understand their responsibility and new roles in this knowledge economy era.